Unlike adult cancers, childhood cancers are generally not caused by lifestyle or environmental factors but rather by random genetic changes that occur during cell growth and development. Consequently, prevention is often not possible, shifting the focus to the critical importance of early diagnosis. In Turkey, approximately 2,500–3,000 children are diagnosed with cancer each year. Encouragingly, with appropriate treatment protocols, a complete recovery can be achieved in over 70% of these cases.
Common Types of Childhood Cancers
The most frequently encountered types of cancer in children include:
Leukemias (Blood Cancer): Accounting for about 30% of childhood cancers, leukemias are the most common type. They are characterized by the abnormal proliferation of blood cells in the bone marrow. The two main types are Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) and Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML).
Brain and Central Nervous System Tumors: This is the second most common group of cancers in children. Depending on their location in the brain or spinal cord, these tumors can present with a wide variety of symptoms.
Lymphomas: These cancers originate in the lymph nodes, which are part of the immune system. They are classified as either Hodgkin or Non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
Neuroblastoma: This tumor usually arises from the adrenal glands or nerve tissues and is most commonly seen in children under five.
Wilms Tumor: A tumor originating in the kidneys, typically diagnosed in children around 3–4 years of age.
Soft Tissue Sarcomas (Rhabdomyosarcoma): These are tumors that develop from soft tissues like muscles and connective tissues.
Bone Tumors (Osteosarcoma and Ewing Sarcoma): These cancers often emerge during adolescence, particularly during periods of rapid bone growth.
Retinoblastoma: An eye cancer that originates from the retina, usually seen in young children.
Symptoms and Signs: When to Be Concerned
Symptoms of childhood cancers vary depending on the cancer type and the organ involved. If one or more of the following symptoms persist and cannot be otherwise explained, it is crucial to consult a pediatrician or a pediatric specialist:
General Symptoms: Fatigue, paleness, loss of appetite, weight loss, and recurring fevers.
Blood and Lymphatic System Signs: Easy bruising, nosebleeds, gum bleeding, and painless swelling of lymph nodes in the neck, armpits, or groin.
Neurological Symptoms: Headaches that worsen in the morning and are accompanied by vomiting, imbalance, difficulty walking, vision problems, crossed eyes, or a white glow in the pupil (leukocoria) that resembles a cat's eye.
Tumor-Related Symptoms: Palpable lumps or masses anywhere in the body (e.g., abdomen, leg, arm) and persistent pain in bones or joints.
While these symptoms often point to simpler, non-cancerous conditions, it is vital to remember that early diagnosis is critical when such signs are present.
The Diagnosis and Treatment Process
The diagnostic process for childhood cancers begins with a detailed physical examination. It is followed by blood tests (complete blood count, biochemical tests), imaging studies (ultrasound, CT, MRI, PET), and a pathological examination of a tissue sample (biopsy) from the suspicious area. Once a definitive diagnosis is made, the disease is staged, and a personalized treatment plan is developed.
The treatment of childhood cancers should be managed by a specialized, multidisciplinary team. This team typically includes pediatric oncologists, pediatric surgeons, radiation oncologists, radiologists, pathologists, and psychologists. Treatment is tailored to the cancer's type, stage, and the child’s overall health. The primary treatment methods are:
Chemotherapy: The use of drugs to destroy or control cancer cells. It is the main treatment for many childhood cancers.
Surgery: Used particularly for solid tumors to remove the tumor as completely as possible.
Radiotherapy (Radiation Therapy): The use of high-energy rays to destroy cancer cells.
Targeted Therapies and Immunotherapy: Innovative treatments that either target specific characteristics of cancer cells or stimulate the body’s immune system to fight the cancer.
Stem Cell (Bone Marrow) Transplantation: A procedure where stem cells from the patient (autologous) or a compatible donor (allogeneic) are administered to help the body regenerate healthy blood cells after high-dose chemotherapy.
Support for Families and Conclusion
A childhood cancer diagnosis is a challenging process for both the child and their family. During this time, psychosocial support is just as important as medical treatment. Properly informing families about the disease and treatment plan empowers them to support their child through this difficult journey. In Turkey, non-governmental organizations like the Hope for Children with Cancer Foundation (KAÇUV) provide crucial financial and emotional support to families.
In conclusion, although childhood cancers are a serious health issue, advanced diagnostic and treatment options have led to very promising outcomes. The most crucial step in this fight is for parents to be aware of the symptoms and to seek immediate medical advice if suspicious signs arise.